PRACTICE QUESTIONS OF ALL TIMES ON MICROBIOLOGY

FOREWORD
I hope you have gone through the previous microbiology sample questions I provided you some days ago. Since some of my readers consulted me for more questions, well, here are other extra hot practice questions for you without regarding whether you are taking the core microbiology course or an introductory course. It is a sure thing to me if you fully practice on these questions, you gonna make the most out of microbiology. However for those who are still taking an introductory course, keep the questions with you while trying to work on questions from introductory concepts.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS. 
(Some question have more than one choices, circle all the correct answers you see.)

1. What groups listed below have true cell walls? 

  A.  algae   

  B.  mycoplasmas  

  C.  Gram-positive bacteria 

  D.  fungi  
  E.  protozoans   

2.  Identify which statements are correct. 

  A.  All bacteria have peptidoglycan in their cell walls.  

   B.  All fungi have chitin in their cell walls.  

  C.  All algae have cellulose in their cell walls  

  D.  All protozoans have protein in their cell walls.   

3.  Which of the following characteristics do not occur in prokaryotic cells? 

  A.  cellular organization  

  B.  thylakoid membranes within chloroplasts  

  C.  oxygenic photosynthesis  

  D.  anaerobic respiration  

  E.  several circular chromosomes   

4.  The membrane of gas vesicles is composed of: 

  A.  triglycerides  

  B.  phospholipids  

  C.  proteins  

  D.  lipopolysaccharide  

  E.  hydrocarbons   

5.  Which of the following are not found in Cyanobacteria? 

  A.  thylakoids   

  B.  gas vesicles   

  C.  chloroplasts   

  D.  heterocysts  

  E.  endospores   

6.  Phagocytosis is not a characteristic of which groups? 

  A.  protozoans   

  B.  algae   

  C.  fungi   

  D.  Archaea  

  E.  Bacteria   

7.  The bacterial cytoplasmic membrane contains: 

  A.  ester-linked phospholipids, but no sterols  

  B.  ester-linked phospholipids and sterols   

  C.  ether-linked phospholipids, but no sterols   

  D.  ether-linked phospholipids, sulfolipids, and glycolipids   

8.  Who accidentally identified the antimicrobial action of penicillin?  

  A.  Robert Koch   

  B.  Richard Petri   

  C.  Alexander Fleming   

  D.  Louis Pasteur   

  E.  Lazzaro Spallanzani   

9.  Ribosomes associated with cells or organelles have a certain size, which is expressed in Svedberg units. Which associations are incorrect? 

  A.  cyanobacteria - 80s   

  B.  chloroplasts - 70s   

  C.  photosynthetic bacteria - 80s   

  D.  green algal cytoplasm - 80s   

  E.  mitochondria - 70s   

10.  Which group(s) of microorganisms is (are) thought to be the oldest living organisms?

  A.  eukaryotes

  B.  heterotrophic prokaryotes

  C.  Archaea

  D.  viruses

  E.  autotrophic prokaryotes   

11.  Based on studies of 16S ribosomal RNA and cell wall composition, which of the following bacteria are classified as Archaea? 

  A.  Halobacterium  

  B.  Methanococcus  

  C.  Sulfolobus  

  D.  Desulfovibrio   

12.  Which group(s) of fungi do not generally produce sexual reproductive structures and are also sometimes known as imperfect fungi? 

  A.  Ascomycotina  

  B.  Oomycetes  

  C.  Zygomycotina  

  D.  Hyphochridiomycetes  

  E.  Deuteromycotina  

13.  When comparing the types of viruses that infect bacteria, plants, and vertebrate animals, what trends appear from bacterial to vertebrate viral groups? 

  A.  more complex-type forms  

  B.  more enveloped forms  

  C.  fewer enveloped forms  

  D.  same number of DNA-containing forms  

  E.  fewer complex-type forms   

14.  Plaques are: 

 A.  clear areas in a lawn of cultured cells caused by virus infection. 

 B.  stained areas in a cell culture indicating cells infected by a virus.  

 C.  virus colonies on agar.  

 D.  bacterial colonies on agar   

15.  In order to grow, all microorganisms require: 

 A.  liquid water  

 B.  organic substances  

  C.  oxygen  

 D.  warm temperatures  

 E.  low pressure   

16. Superoxide dismutase is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of oxygen radicals to peroxides. Which groups of organisms do not have this enzyme? 

 A.  aerobes  

 B.  facultative anaerobes  

 C.  oxyduric anaerobes  

 D.  oxylabile anaerobes   

17.  Identify the correct statement(s). In prokaryotes: 

  A.  Translation begins before transcription is finished.  

  B.  Messanger RNA is not co-linear with the DNA template.  

  C.  5s, 16s, and 28s ribosomal RNA's are present.  

  D.  50s and 30s ribosomal subunits are necessary for protein synthesis.  

  E.  mRNA is monocistronic  

18.  Which of these are a type of mutation? 

  A.  base substitution  

  B.  translocation  

  C.  nonsense codons  

  D.  recombination   
  E.  insertion sequences   
  F.  reversions   

19.  A small molecule that combines with a specific allosteric protein so that both prevent RNA polymerase activity is called a(n): 

  A.  inducer  

  B.  repressor  

  C.  corepressor  

  D.  leader  

  E.  ATP  
 

20.  Rolling circle replication refers to: 

  A.  DNA replication in every prokaryotic cell division  

  B.  DNA transfer during conjugation  

  C.  mitosis  

  D.  meiosis   

21.  Hfr strains of bacteria: 

  A.  do not have an "F" (fertility) factor.  

  B.  have an "F" factor plasmid.

  C.  have an "F" factor integrated in the bacterial chromosome.  

  D.  transfer the genetic information to other bacteria with high frequency 

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS 
1.  List the similarities and differences between passive diffusion and facilitated diffusion. 
2.  Explain the structure and symmetry of bacterial cytoplasmic membranes as suggested by the Fluid Mosaic Model.  List the biochemicals that are present in or attached to the cytoplasmic membranes of microorganisms. 
3.  Diagram and name four mechanisms bacteria use to transport materials across the cytoplasmic membrane.  Note when energy and additional compounds are necessary for any of these mechanisms to operate. 
4.  Name three reserve materials synthesized by microorganisms and note which microbial groups use them as their primary storage product. 
5.  List the principle differences (ie. structure, anchoring, motion) between prokaryotic and eukaryotic flagella.  
6.  Give two other names for bacterial capsule and list five functions proposed for it. 
7.  Give four lines of evidence that support the Endosymbiotic Theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells. 

ESSAY QUESTIONS 
Answer all parts of the following questions completely.
 
1.  (A) Diagram a Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial cell wall.
     (B) Demonstrate the differences in the chemical structure of these two types of bacterial cell walls.  
     (C) Where and when does penicillin affect bacterial cells?
     (D) Explain how autolysins affect the cell walls of Gram-negative bacteria and mycoplasmas.
2.  (A) Name, diagram, and
     (B) explain the mechanisms for three ways that DNA can be transferred from one prokaryotic cell to another.
     (C) Which two types of DNA transfer are commonly used in genetic engineering? 
     (D) Describe three ways that genetic engineering is different from natural genetic mechanisms.  
3.  (A) Explain the ways in which aerobic respiration and fermentation processes are different.
     (B) Name the three phases of aerobic respiration and give the starting materials and end products of each phase. 
     (C) Describe a difference in the glycolysis pathways of bacteria and eukaryotic microorganisms.  
     (D) Draw a diagram that explains how a bacterium uses an electrochemical (eg., H+) gradient to generate ATP. 
4.  (A) Give the electron donors, acceptors, and the carbon source for aerobic and anaerobic photoautotrophy. 
     (B) Describe three differences between the light reactions of aerobic and anaerobic photosynthesis. 
    (C) Explain the difference between aerobic photoautotrophy and aerobic chemoautotrophy.
    (D) Give an equation and the electron donor and acceptor for a type of chemoautotrophy. 
5.  (A) Give two reactions conducted by microorganisms that are important in the biomagnification and toxicity of mercury.
    (B) Diagram where we observe the greatest rates of these reactions in aquatic environments. 
    (C) When considering the mercury cycle, why should we be concerned about the effects of acid rain?
6.  (A) Name the two basic modes of immune response.   
     (B) What are the two types of acquired immunity? 
     (C) Diagram and explain how the Complement System operates.
     (D) Which compounds first interact with the Complement System?

"Always study smarter but not harder"